Complexity in Biological Signaling Systems

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Gezhi Weng, Upinder S. Bhalla, Ravi Iyengar
Science 284(5411), pages 92–96
April 1999

Biological signaling pathways interact with one another to form complex networks. Complexity arises from the large number of components, many with isoforms that have partially overlapping functions; from the connections among components; and from the spatial relationship between components. The origins of the complex behavior of signaling networks and analytical approaches to deal with the emergent complexity are discussed here.