Viviana Mascardi, Andrea Omicini (eds.)
The Agents Journey: Twenty-Five Years of Multi-agent Systems, chapter 12, pages 320–339
Lecture Notes in Computer Science (State-of-the-Art Survey) 16395
Springer Nature Switzerland
April 2026
In this chapter we take as our reference twenty-five years of scientific and technical results presented at the Workshop on Objects, and explore the development of rational agents and integration with machine learning (ML) techniques, discussing their transition from pure symbolic to subsymbolic and neurosymbolic systems. Given the growing importance of combining rational agent reasoning with ML, we first outline the current state of technology by highlighting key milestones and breakthroughs. Pinpointing logics and logic programming as the main foundational tool for the design and implementation of rational agents, we discuss successful implementations and applications of logic-based agents, then we identify some of the main integration strands of subsymbolic techniques within rational agents. In particular, we focus on symbolic knowledge injection (SKI) and symbolic knowledge extraction (SKE) as some of the most relevant neurosymbolic techniques, and on their impact on intelligent agents and multi-agent systems (MASs). Current gaps and challenges in the integration of rational agents with ML are finally discussed along with future research directions.
keywords
Rational Agents, Logic Programming, Multi-agent Systems, Symbolic-Subsymbolic Integration
journal or series
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
(LNCS)
container publication
companion publication
Preface (editorial/introduction/preface, 2026) — Viviana Mascardi, Andrea Omicini
funding project
ENGINES — ENGineering INtElligent Systems around intelligent agent technologies
(28/09/2023–27/02/2026)
AEQUITAS — Assessment and Engineering of eQuitable, Unbiased, Impartial and Trustworthy Ai Systems
(01/11/2022–31/10/2025)
FAIR-PE01-SP08 — Future AI Research – Partenariato Esteso sull'Intelligenza Artificiale – Spoke 8 “Pervasive AI”
(01/01/2023–31/12/2025)
works as
companion publication for
Preface (editorial/introduction/preface, 2026) — Viviana Mascardi, Andrea Omicini
