Changes for page Overview
From version 4.1
edited by Andrea Omicini
on 10/08/2021 16:42
on 10/08/2021 16:42
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To version 7.1
edited by Andrea Omicini
on 10/08/2021 16:45
on 10/08/2021 16:45
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... ... @@ -7,37 +7,36 @@ 7 7 8 8 A tuple centre is a tuple space enhanced with the possibility to program its behaviour in response to interactions. 9 9 ## 10 -First of all, coordinated entities (//#respect() agents//, henceforth, or simply //agents//) can operate on a #respect() tuple centre in the same way as on a standard Linda tuple space: by exchanging //tuples// —which are ordered collection of knowledge chunks—through a simple set of coordination primitive.10 +First of all, coordinated entities (//#respect() agents//, henceforth, or simply //agents//) can operate on a #respect() tuple centre in the same way as on a standard Linda tuple space: by exchanging //tuples//—which are ordered collection of knowledge chunks—through a simple set of coordination primitive. 11 11 ## 12 12 So, an agent can write a tuple in a tuple centre with an #code("out") primitive; or read a tuple from a tuple centre with primitives such as #code("in"), #code("rd"), #code("inp"), #code("rdp") specifying a tuple template - that is, an identifier for a set of tuples, according to some tuple matching mechanism. 13 13 ## 14 14 Reading tuples can be 15 -* //destructive// —#code("in"), #code("inp") remove the matching tuple—or //non-destructive//—#code("rd"), #code("rdp") simply read the matching tuple16 -* //suspensive// —#code("in"), #code("rd") wait until a matching tuple is found—or //non-suspensive//—#code("inp"), #code("rdp") immediately return either the matching tuple or a failure result17 - <p/>15 +* //destructive// — #code("in"), #code("inp") remove the matching tuple – or //non-destructive//– #code("rd"), #code("rdp") simply read the matching tuple 16 +* //suspensive// — #code("in"), #code("rd") wait until a matching tuple is found – or //non-suspensive//– #code("inp"), #code("rdp") immediately return either the matching tuple or a failure result 17 + 18 18 but is anyway always //non-deterministic//: when more than one tuple in a tuple centre are found that match a tuple template, one is non-deterministically chosen among them and returned. 19 -<p/> 20 -Accordingly, a tuple centre enjoys all the many features of a tuple space, which can be classified along three different dimensions: 21 21 20 +Accordingly, a tuple centre enjoys all the many features of a tuple space, which can be classified along three different dimensions: 22 22 * generative communication 23 23 * associative access 24 24 * suspensive semantics 25 - <p/>24 + 26 26 The main features of //generative communication// (where information generated has an independent life with respect to the generator) are the forms of uncoupling (space, time, name) based on mediated interaction: sender and receiver do not need to know each other, to coexist in the same space or at the same time in order to communicate (to exchange a tuple, in particular), and more generally, to interact. 27 27 ## 28 28 //Associative access// (access based on structure and content of information exchanged, rather than on location, or on name) based on tuple matching promotes synchronisation based on tuple structure and content: thus, coordination is data-driven, and allows for knowledge-based coordination patterns. 29 29 ## 30 30 Finally, //suspensive semantics// promotes coordination patterns based on knowledge availability, and couples well with incomplete, partial knowledge. 31 - <p/>32 -Even more, while the basic tuple centre model is independent of the type of tuple, #respect() tuple centres adopt logic tuples —both tuples and tuple templates are essentially Prolog //facts//—and logic //unification// is used as the tuple-matching mechanism.30 + 31 +Even more, while the basic tuple centre model is independent of the type of tuple, #respect() tuple centres adopt logic tuples – both tuples and tuple templates are essentially Prolog //facts// – and logic //unification// is used as the tuple-matching mechanism. 33 33 ## 34 -So, for instance, an agent #code("ag1") performing operation #code("we ? in(activity(ag1,CaseID))") on tuple centre #code("we") containing tuples #code("activity(ag1,c16)") and #code("activity(ag2,c22)") will be returned tuple #code("activity(ag1,c16)") —the one unifying with the template—removed from #code("we").33 +So, for instance, an agent #code("ag1") performing operation #code("we ? in(activity(ag1,CaseID))") on tuple centre #code("we") containing tuples #code("activity(ag1,c16)") and #code("activity(ag2,c22)") will be returned tuple #code("activity(ag1,c16)")—the one unifying with the template—removed from #code("we"). 35 35 ## 36 -Since the overall content of a tuple centre is a multiset of logic facts, it has a twofold interpretation as either a collection of messages, or a (logic) //theory of communication// among agents —thus promoting in principle forms of //reasoning about communication//.37 - <p/>35 +Since the overall content of a tuple centre is a multiset of logic facts, it has a twofold interpretation as either a collection of messages, or a (logic) //theory of communication// among agents—thus promoting in principle forms of //reasoning about communication//. 36 + 38 38 Finally, a tuple centre is a programmable tuple space, so as to add //programmability// of the coordination medium as a new dimension of coordination. 39 39 ## 40 -While the behaviour of a tuple space in response to interaction events is fixed —so, the effects of coordination primitives is fixed—, the behaviour of a tuple centre can be tailored to the system needs by defining a set of specification tuples, or reactions, which determine how a tuple centre should react to incoming / outgoing events.39 +While the behaviour of a tuple space in response to interaction events is fixed – so, the effects of coordination primitives is fixed –, the behaviour of a tuple centre can be tailored to the system needs by defining a set of specification tuples, or reactions, which determine how a tuple centre should react to incoming / outgoing events. 41 41 ## 42 42 While the basic tuple centre model is not bound to any specific language to define reactions, #respect() tuple centres are obviously programmed through the #respect() logic-based specification language. 43 43 ... ... @@ -46,11 +46,9 @@ 46 46 The original #respect() is a logic-based language for the specification of the behaviour of tuple centre. 47 47 ## 48 48 As a behaviour specification language, #respect(): 49 - 50 - 51 51 * enables the definition of computations within a tuple centre, called reactions, and 52 52 * makes it possible to associate reactions to events occurring in a tuple centre. 53 - <p/>50 + 54 54 So, #respect() has both a declarative and a procedural part. 55 55 ## 56 56 As a specification language, it allows events to be declaratively associated to reactions by means of specific logic tuples, called specification tuples, whose form is #code("reaction(E,R)"). ... ... @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ 62 62 A reaction as a whole succeeds if all its reaction goals succeed, and fails otherwise. 63 63 ## 64 64 Each reaction is executed sequentially with a transactional semantics: so, a failed reaction has no effect on the state of a logic tuple centre. 65 - <p/>62 + 66 66 All the reactions triggered by an event are executed before serving any other event: so, agents perceive the result of serving the event and executing all the associated reactions altogether as a single transition of the tuple centre state. 67 67 ## 68 68 As a result, the effect of a coordination primitive on a logic tuple centre can be made as complex as needed by the coordination requirements of a system. ... ... @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ 70 70 Generally speaking, since #respect() has been shown to be Turing-equivalent, any computable coordination law could be in principle encapsulated into a #respect() tuple centre. 71 71 ## 72 72 This is why #respect() can be assumed as a general-purpose core language for coordination: a language that could then be used to represent and enact policies and rules for coordination systems of any sort. 73 - <p/>70 + 74 74 Adopting the declarative interpretation of logic tuples, a #respect() tuple centre has then a twofold nature a //theory of communication// (the set of the ordinary tuples) and a //theory of coordination// (the set of the specification tuples). 75 75 ## 76 76 In principle, this allows intelligent agents to reason about the state of collaboration activities, and to possibly affect their dynamics.